Objective To study the rodent and cockroach infestations in underground tube wells in Beijing, China, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control strategies. Methods A total of 100 streets were selected in Beijing in 2019, and 50 underground tube wells were selected randomly in each street for monitoring (four times). Bait stealing and visual inspection were used for rodent and cockroach density monitoring, respectively. The data were recorded in Excel 2007 software, and a descriptive analysis was conducted. Results Among all the underground tube wells selected in Beijing, the mean value of rodent positivity was 1.06%, and the mean value of cockroach positivity was 0.04%. The number of rodent-positive tube wells was highest (28) in Chaoyang and Haidian districts and lowest (2) in Shunyi district. There were 7 cockroach-positive tube wells, 3 in Fengtai district, 3 in Xicheng district, and 1 in Dongcheng district. Compared with the rural areas, the urban areas had a higher rodent-positive rate of tube wells. Sewage wells had the highest rodent-positive rate (46.92%), followed by electric wells (26.07%) and other wells (12.79%). The main cockroach-infested wells were sewage wells, rainwater wells, and electric wells. Conclusion Varying degrees of rodent infestation were found in the underground tube wells of Beijing in 2019, more severe in the urban areas than in the rural areas. Some administrative divisions had cockroach infestation. Rodent prevention and control in underground tube wells must not be overlooked, and cockroach infestation in underground tube wells should also be closely monitored.

Objective To investigate the resistance level of Culex pipiens pallens to commonly used insecticides in Tianjin,China, to analyze its changing trend, and to provide scientific and rational guidance for the chemical control. Methods The larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens were collected in 2013, 2016, and 2019. The first generation was fed in the laboratory. The late third-instar or early forth-instar larvae were then selected as test subjects, and the larval dipping method was used to measure their insecticide resistance. Results In 2013, 2016, and 2019, the Cx. pipiens pallens at various surveillance sites in Tianjin all showed varying degrees of resistance to beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and temephos. In different years, Cx. pipiens pallens at various surveillance sites all showed medium or low resistance to beta-cypermethrin; Cx. pipiens pallens in Hebei district had the highest resistance in the whole city, with a resistance ratio of 20.94. Culex pipiens pallens showed high, medium, or low resistance to deltamethrin and temephos; Cx. pipiens pallens in Hedong district had the highest resistance to deltamethrin, with a resistance ratio of 69.78; Cx. pipiens pallens in Beichen district had the highest resistance to temephos, with a resistance ratio of 57.14. The resistance levels of Cx. pipiens pallens to the three insecticides showed overall upward trends from 2013 to 2016, and then the number of districts resistant to beta-cypermethrin and temephos decreased from 7 in 2016 to 5 and 6 in 2019, respectively, while the number of districts resistant to deltamethrin did not change. Conclusion In Tianjin, Cx. pipiens pallens has developed resistance to all of beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin,and temephos. It is recommended that insecticides should be used scientifically and reasonably based on the surveillance results of insecticide resistance. At the same time, a rotation and mixed use of insecticides should be adopted to delay the development of resistance.

Objective To investigate the molecular epidemic characteristics of Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) among ticks in northern China by genome amplification and phylogenetic analysis. Methods Ticks samples were collected to prepare tick homogenate and extract total RNA. RT-PCR was used for genome amplification of JMTV. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis were performed. Results A total of 277 ticks collected from 3 provinces (Bole city in Xinjiang, Shenyang city in Liaoning, and Changping district in Beijing) were screened for JMTV, and 67 positive samples were observed, with a positive rate of 24.2%. Four strains of JMTV with nearly full-length genome were obtained. Based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis, the segments 1, 2, and 4 of these 4 strains clustered with the rodent-borne JMTV from Xinjiang. The segment 3 of 2 strains clustered with the rodent-borne JMTV from Xinjiang, but the other 2 strains clustered with the tick-borne JMTV from other regions of China, which suggest the possibility of gene reassortment. Conclusion Based on the homology analysis, the newly discovered 4 JMTV strains have the highest homology with the known JMTV in China, with genetic diversity.

Objective To investigate the effect of residual spraying of lambda-cyhalothrin microcapsule suspension on hedgerow in preventing and controlling mosquitoes. Methods This test was initiated on August 13, 2015, with a duration of one month. Two areas (control area and test area) with similar natural conditions and mosquito density were studied. Residual spraying was implemented using low-volume spray on the leaves (especially the backside) of the hedgerow in the test area. The change in the density of adult mosquitoes after spraying was continuously monitored by the CO ₂ lamp trapping method. The prevention and control effect was evaluated by the decrease rate (%) of relative density. Results After residual spraying of the hedgerow in the test area, the relative density of mosquitoes showed a decrease rate of more than 80% within 2 weeks and a decrease rate of more than 70% at 3 and 4 weeks after treatment as compared with those in the control area (no insecticide treatment). The study above was repeated once in the same place in mid-August, 2017, with the obtained results basically consistent with those in 2015. Conclusion Taking account of environmental safety and sustainable control of mosquitoes, it can achieve a good control effect on relatively high-density adult mosquitoes by standardized residual spraying on hedgerow using proper insecticides and dosage forms under feasible application environments and conditions accompanied by environmental control measures.

Objective To investigate the biting rate dynamics of mosquitoes in Beijing Olympic Forest Park (BOFP), and to analyze the correlation between biting rate and the population density measured by the lamp trapping method. Methods A dynamic monitoring of the biting rate and population density of mosquitoes was conducted by human landing catch and CO ₂ trapping lamp from July to September, 2013. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between the mosquito density measured by the lamp trapping method and biting rate, and a linear regression analysis was used to build a linear model for prediction of the biting rate based on the mosquito density measured using the CO ₂ trapping lamp. Results Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species of mosquito community in Beijing, followed by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The biting rate of mosquitoes continuously increased from July to September, and a trough of lamp trapping mosquito density was detected in August. There was a linear correlation between lamp trapping mosquito density and biting rate in July and September, while there was no correlation between them in August. Conclusion The mosquito density measured by the lamp trapping method is closely correlated with the biting rate of mosquitoes. Cx. pipiens pallens is the dominant species of mosquito community in Beijing, and the probability of people being bitten by mosquitoes is significantly correlated with the population density of Cx. pipiens pallens.

Objective This study was intended to elucidate the spatial distribution characteristics of fly density, find correlated environmental factors, and respond to the need of fly control in disaster fields. Methods Respectively, in the study, the spatial statistical analysis was used to detect the spatial aggregation of fly population on the scales of village and town. Furthermore, spatial error regression was performed to uncover the correlated environmental factors with fly density on the same two geographic scales. Results The spatial aggregation of fly population displayed statistical significance in flooding sites on the level of village(Moran's I=0.387, P=0.016)and town(Moran's I=0.381, P=0.039), which means that such spatial pattern was not original from random process. Accordingly, as the spatial regression shown, the fly density correlated with different environmental factor on the scales of village and town; The lighting index values was related to village(Correlation Coefficient=0.514)and town(Correlation Coefficient=1.472)scales, while the slop values related only to the village scales(Correlation Coefficient=-2.398). Conclusion Present paper not only shed light on the fly spatial distribution pattern in flooding area in Fangshan, but also could provide direction for the fly control for any disaster sites being similar to flooding region in Fangshan.

Objective The Centers for Disease Control(CDC), at all levels, are the major institutions undertaking the vector surveillance; the application situation of the four vectors surveillance standards(FVSS)in the Chinese CDC system was analyzed here, and the promotion of FVSS on the business of CDC institutions was investigated at the same time. Methods In the study, questionnaire was used to investigate the awareness and application of FVSS by the CDC institutions, the promotion function of FVSS on the business of CDC institution, and the problem of execution of FVSS by the CDC institutions. Results As the results shown, almost 80 percent of among the CDC institutions, were aware of the FVSS's promulgating and had used the FVSS, and 79.14 percent of them believed that the application of FVSS could standardize their surveillance on vectors. In addition, the FVSS were useful in national hygienic city inspection, hygienic assurance for large-scale events, and emergency response to public health events. However, some problems were also found from the survey:first, 37.41 percent institutions didn't receive any FVSS training courses, the FVSS training should been expanded to cover more institutions; second, many methods in FVSS induced disagreement in vector surveillance and should be modified in the future; third, the FVSS should be consistent with the assessment standard system on the vector control. Conclusion The application situation of FVSS and promotion of FVSS in vector control program by CDC institutions was elucidated, which provided the guideline not only for the using of the FVSS by the CDC institution but also the modification of FVSS in the future.

Objective To understand distribution and seasonality of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Chaoyang district, Beijing. Methods According to the Surveillance Methods for Vector Density-Mosquito (GB/T 23797-2009), mosquitoes were collected by the CO₂ traps. To determine the spatial distribution, the two types of sampling sites including park (or green spaces) with waters and human populated area were chosen in different geographical locations, and mosquitoes were trapped from August to September. To find out the seasonality, the mosquitoes were trapped per ten days from May to October in the same place. Results The proportions of sampling sites with Cx. tritaeniorhynchus between 2^nd Ring Road and 3^rd Ring Road, 3^rd Ring Road and 4^th Ring Road, 4^th Ring Road and 5^th Ring Road, outside 5^th Ring Road were 1/2, 3/3, 4/8 and 3/6 respectively, and there were no statistically different in different area subdivided by ring road (P=0.570); the proportions of sampling sites with Cx. tritaeniorhynchus of parks (or green spaces) with waters and human populated areas were 76.92% (10/13) and 16.67% (1/6) respectively, and were statistically different (P=0.020); the Cx. tritaeniorhynchus densities between 2^nd Ring Road and 3^rd Ring Road, 3^rd Ring Road and 4^th Ring Road, 4^th Ring Road and 5^th Ring Road, outside 5^th Ring Road were 0.09, 0.16, 0.31 and 4.97 mosquitoes per trap-hour respectively; the mean (m) and variance (S²) of densities of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were 1.56 and 24.03, S²/m=15.42>1, which suggested that Cx. tritaeniorhynchus clumped distributed; the first appearance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was in the last twenty days of July, then its constituent ratio showed a trend from rise to decline and the peak period of its density was in September. Conclusion Culex tritaeniorhynchus tends to spread from suburb to city with the improvement of water conversation, and clumped distributed in urban area of Chaoyang district. Vigilance is needed to the epidemic risk of Japanese encephalitis, and public health department should strengthen the prevention and control measures.

Viruses of the family Rhabdoviridae cause extensive damage to human health, agricultural production, animal husbandry, and fishery. Genera in this family differ from each other in genome structure, host range, and transmission mode.There are 9 well established genera in this family at present, while some newly discovered viruses need to be classified. The evolution of Rhabdoviruses is associated with vectors (hosts), transmission mode, and environment.

Objective To evaluate the mosquito density in Beijing and analyze the trends of mosquito breeding in different environments and to provide a scientific basis for urban mosquito control. Methods The adult mosquito density was monitored using carbon dioxide mosquito lamp and mosquito-oviposition trap, while the larval mosquito density was monitored by spoon method for large bodies of water and pipette method for small volumes of water (in containers). Results From 2010 to 2012, a total of 37 603 adult mosquitoes were captured in Beijing, where Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species, accounting for 95.26% of all mosquitoes, followed by Aedes albopictus, accounting for 4.62%; the seasonal fluctuation curve showed that the peak of adult mosquito density appeared from July to August; the adult mosquito density was the highest in the park green lands, followed by residential areas, hospitals, and tourist attractions. The seasonal fluctuation curve for mosquito larvae showed that the peak of larval mosquito density appeared from June to July for both large bodies of water and small volumes of water (in containers); the positive rate of mosquito larvae was the highest in residential areas, followed by construction sites, sewers, and large bodies of water. Conclusion The surveillance Results of mosquito density and the trends of its seasonal fluctuation can provide effective guidance for urban mosquito control; attention should also be paid to the breeding places and density changes of mosquito larvae, and the association of mosquito density with mosquito borne diseases should be analyzed, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in urban areas.

In this paper, one newly recorded genus, Amblyomma, and four newly recorded species, A. testudinarium, Haemaphysalis phasiana, H. hystricis, and Ixodes sinensis, are summarized. The genus and species belong to Ixodidae and are distributed in Hubei province, China. Their specimens are preserved in the Insect Collections, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

Objective To carry out the etiological investigation of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in Anhui province, China, and to determine the genotype and molecular characteristics of the JEV. Methods Mosquito samples were collected using mosquito lamps in Fuyang, Huainan, and Anqing, Anhui province in August 2010 and then used for virus isolation by tissue culture. The obtained virus isolates were identified by serological and molecular biological methods. Homology and phylogenetic analysis were performed on the viral sequences by bioinformatics. Results A total of 7651 mosquitoes (3 species, 3 genera) were collected, and 11 virus strains were isolated from the mosquitoes. The newly isolated JEV strains had the highest homology with genotype Ⅰ JEV (96.8%-99.5% nucleotide homology and 97.8%-100% amino acid homology) and thus were identified as genotypeⅠ JEV. Conclusion GenotypeⅠ JEV strains were first isolated in Anhui province, China, and they have a close phylogenetic association with JEV strains isolated from Shanghai and Zhejiang province, China.

Objective To establish a method for identifying Haemaphysalis flava and H. campanulata with molecular markers, and to learn the phylogenetic relationship of these two species of ticks. Methods Ticks were collected from animals in Hubei province, and identified by their morphological characteristics. The 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunitⅠ gene (COⅠ) from the genomes of the two kinds of ticks were amplified by PCR and sequenced for homology analysis. PAUP 4.0 software was used to construct the individual phylogenetic trees of the three gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis. Results The identities between the two species of ticks were 90.8% for 12S rDNA, 90.4% for 16S rDNA, and 86.8% for COⅠ, with the homology of the three gene fragments between collected H. flava and known H. flava being 100%, 99.5% and 99.7%, respectively. On the phylogenetic trees based on the nucleotide sequences of the 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA and COⅠ gene, H. flava was clustered together with their respective class. H. flava and the H. campanulata formed a distinct branch. However, the phylogenetic relationships between different species of Haemaphysalis were different on the trees based on these three genes. Conclusion As far as identification of the ticks with similar morphological features is concerned, molecular markers in combination with the conventional morphological classification can make it more accurate, contributing to better understanding of their evolutionary relationships. Further phylogenetic analysis of gene sequences also provides a basis for the prevention and control of tick-borne diseases.

Objective To study the resistance of Culex pipiens pallens and Musca domestica to insecticides in Tianjin in order to provide the basis for better use of insecticides. Methods Six districts(counties) of Tianjin were selected as the surveillance sites. The resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides was evaluated by dipping method, with the topical application method used for the detection of the resistance of houseflies. Results It was found that Cx. pipiens pallens and M. domestica in Tianjin were resistant to insecticides to a certain extent. The mean relative resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens to DDVP, deltaMethri, β-Cypermethrin, parathion and fenobucarb were 61.49, 13.08, 3.72, 5.03 and 17.84, respectively, and that of M. domestica to DDVP, β-Cypermethrin, deltamethri, propoxur and permethin were 9.49, 58.44, 11.24, 2.66 and 2.95, respectively. Conclusion The resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens and M. domestica to different insecticides varies and the surveillance results should be a guidance for the reasonable use of the insecticides for better control of the insects.

Objective To determine the current resistance of the Blattella germanica (L.) to commonly used pesticides in Tianjin, and provide evidence for better cockroaches control. Methods The residual film method recommended by WHO was applied to measure the median knockdown time (KT₅₀) for B. germanica. Batches of B. germanica were exposed to five insecticide residues (dichlorovos, acephate, propoxur, betacypermethrin and permethrin) in glass jars to determine their knockdown resistance levels. Resistance ratios were calculated as RR₅₀＝KT₅₀ of the test strain/KT₅₀ of the susceptible strains. Results The KT₅₀ for field-collected B. germanica in Nankai, Jinnan, Hexi, Tanggu, Dongli, Xiqing and Beichen were 6.15, 6.49, 8.37, 8.22, 7.84, 9.29 and 12.40 min to dichlorovos, 74.28, 65.36, 29.52, 30.23, 30.67, 58.64 and 33.08 min to acephate, and 24.97, 40.63, 27.17, 24.43, 40.73, 42.44 and 40.91 min to propoxur, respectively. The RR₅₀ values for B. germanica of dichlorovos, acephate and propoxur were below 3. The KT₅₀ to betacypermethrin for field populations in Nankai, Tanggu and Xiqing were 32.61, 36.50 and 51.00 min respectively, with the RR₅₀ ranging from 6.48 to 10.71 times. The values for Jinnan, Hexi, Dongli and Beichen were all greater than 120.00 min, with the RR₅₀ greater than 20. The KT₅₀ to permethrin for field populations in Nankai, Jinnan, Hexi, Dongli and Beichen were all above 120.00 min, with the RR₅₀ greater than 20. However, the KT₅₀ value for Xiqing strains was 26.96 min, with the RR₅₀ lower than 5, and the value for Tanggu population was 14.10 min, with the RR₅₀ lower than 3. Conclusion B. germanica control in Tianjin requires reduced administration of betacypermethrin and permethrin along with increased carbamates such as propoxur and organophosphorus pesticides such as dichlorovos and acephate.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever cases from 2006 to 2010 for determination of the risk of dengue fever outbreaks in Beijing. Methods Data of the reported dengue fever cases in Beijing were collected and analyzed for their epidemiological characteristics with SPSS software. CO₂ trapping lamp method was used to monitor the constituent ratio and density of mosquitoes. Results A total of 23 imported dengue fever cases were confirmed, of which 95.65% (22/23) of the cases were at the age of 25-59 years. The male-female ratio was 4.75∶1. Among them, 69.57% (16/ 23) were office clerks. The constituent ratio and density of Aedes albopictus showed 25.71 times and 6.00 times increase in 2010 than in 2007, respectively. Conclusion The density of subdominant mosquito species (Ae. albopictus) has increased in recent years. Vector monitoring and control measures should be implemented effectively to reduce the outbreak risk.

Objective To examine vector prevention and control practices for large-scale events in China by describing vector monitoring and control as a part of pest control operations (PCO) in the 2008 Beijing Olypmic Games. Methods Candidate PCO companies were first screened, and eligible bid winners were then trained and tested, during which the services provided were supervised and inspected by the government designated agency. Results The PCO companies achieved satisfying vector control rates during the 2008 Olympic Games. Conclusion A government-funded pest control model for large-scale events has been established, which utilizes well-trained PCO companies under the management, coordination and supervision of health care administrators knowledgable of technical protocols formulated by the disease prevention and control system.

Objective To determine the prevalence of hantavirus in rodents based on surveillance data in residential areas of Huludao for the formulation of preventive and control strategies in humans. Methods Rodent cages were used to capture small mammals. Lung samples of the subjects were then taken for detection of Hantavirus antigens using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Genotyping was conducted using RT-PCR. Results In 2005 and 2006, 254 Rattus norvegicus, 17 Mus musculus and 5 Apodemus agrarius were captured in nine residential areas and two wild fields in Huludao. The virus-carrying rates were 4.72% in R. norvegicus and 5.88% in M. musculus, respectively. Nine strains of Hantavirus were amplified using the RNA derived from the positive lung tissues of R. norvegicus. According to genotyping results, all were identified as Seoul virus (SEOV). A strain of SEOV was also isolated. Hantavirus was not detected from M. musculus and A. agrarius. Conclusion R. norvegicus was the primary host of Hantavirus in residential areas of Huludao and all rodent-carrying Hantavirus strains were identified as SEOV.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in Guangzhou from 1980 to 2010. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted using rabies epidemic data and case reports. Canine brain samples from endemic areas were also collected for antigen detection using immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and RT-PCR. Results From 1980 to 2010, 655 human rabies cases were reported in Guangzhou, including 597 cases from 1980 through 1989, which accounted for 91.15%; and 45 cases from 2005 to 2010, accounting for 6.87%. These data show two epidemic peaks in the past thirty years. Male patients outnumbered females; most were aged 10 to 55 years and were students, migrant workers or farmers. Eighty-six dogs were captured in the epidemic areas. However, no viral antigens were detected in the brain tissues using immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. Conclusion Two epidemic peaks of rabies in humans were observed in the past thirty years in Guangzhou. In the 1980s, morbidity rose quickly after exposure due to low vaccination rates in both dogs and humans. After 2005, as a result of increasing numbers of domestic dogs, decreasing public awareness of rabies, absence of proper wound treatment and post-exposure immunization, rabies incidence increased. However, negative findings in the 86 dogs studied suggest low prevalence of rabies virus in domestic dogs in Guangzhou.

Objective To explore the new, environment-friendly and pollution-free technology for rural rodent monitoring and control. Methods The trap barrier system (TBS) technology was applied to capture rural rodents from October 2007 to April 2008. The crop growth period and the species, age, sex, pregnancy, litter size and other characteristics of rodents were recorded. The wheat yield was measured and rodent control effect evaluated during the harvest season. Results Eighty rodents were captured using the TBS technology, including 23 Anourosorex squamipes and 57 rodents such as Apodemus agrarius and Micromys minutus. The resulting rodent control effect was up to 61.3%, and the wheat yield increased by 11.7% as compared to the control farmland. Conclusion The TBS technology, an effective tool for farmland rodent monitoring and control, has overcome the flaws in the Methods of bamboo tube bait stations and rodent traps, and may achieve green and hazard-free management of farmland rodents. This technology can be promoted and applied at larger scale.

Objective To learn the species of biological vector and its pattern of variation with seasons in Ankang city for providing data for the control and prevention of the vector-born diseases. Methods The surveillance sites were set up in the light of “ The National Plan for the Survei11ance of Biological Vector”, where the species and densities of vectors like mosquitoes, f1ies, mice and cockroach were investigated by way of manual mosquito-catching trap, cage-trapping, paste-trapping and rat trapping, respective1y. Results It was found that there were 6 species and 4 genuses of mosquitoes in Ankang city, of which Armigeres subalbatus was the dominant，accounting for 41.06％, followed by Anopheles sinensis (19.69％) and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (17.48％). The density of mosquitoes reached its peak in late August. There were 2 families of flies, including 8 species and 8 genuses, in the district, of which Musca sorbens was the dominant specie, accounting for 48.68％, followed by M. domestica and Lucilia sericata and Chrysomya megacephala, which accounted for 26.78%, 9.55%, 4.84% respectively, with the density of flies highest of the year in July. Two families of the cockroaches, including 2 species and 2 genuses were found in the region, with Periplaneta americana (51.42％) being the dominant species, followed by Blattella germanica (48.58％)，and their density peak in the region was reached in November. The rat-shape animals belonging to 3 species and 3 genuses of 1 fami1y were identified in the area, with the dominant species being Rattus norvegicus (90.34%), followed by Mus musculus (6.90%), and their peak density was seen in September and October of the year. Conclusion It was found that there was a high density of the biological vector in the Ankang city. It is suggested that the government take comprehensive measures for its control and prevention to reduce the density of the biological vector to a level that meets the control standards of national health cities, realizing an effective control and prevention of the outbreak and prevalence of the vector-born diseases.

Objective The prevalence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) was monitored and analyzed to reveal the epidemiologic characteristics of HFRS in Wenzhou, in order to provide the basis for development of the control and prevention strategies for HFRS. Methods A descriptive epidemiologic approach was employed to analyze the prevalence of HFRS in humans in Wenzhou from 1981 to 2008. Cage traps were used to capture small mammals for investigation of the species composition of animal hosts. The indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the Hantavirus (HV) antigens in animal lungs, which were then genotyped by PCR. Results A total of 383 cases were reported from 1981 to 2008 with an average incidence rate of 0.20/105. There were 13 death cases, with a fatality rate of 3.39%. The cases were distributed in all the ten counties (cities, districts) of the city, particularly in Ruian, where the number of cases accounted for 53.78%. Significant seasonality was observed as the prevalence peaked in winter (from November to January of the following year) when the number of cases accounted for 41.25%. Most cases were 20 to 50 years, accounting for 74.76% of the total number. In regard to the monitoring of host animals, the outdoor capture rate was 7.16% and the indoor one was 7.88%. The dominant species outdoors was Niviventer confucianus, followed by Rattus losea; the dominant species indoors was R. norvegicus, followed by R. tanezumi. A total of 422 rat lungs were investigated, resulting in nine HV antigen?positive specimens with the positive rate of 2.13%. The sole genotype of the extract of viral RNA in the HV antigen?positive rat lung tissues was SEOV. Conclusion Comprehensive prevention and control measures, including strengthened monitoring, deratization and vaccination shall be implemented to effectively prevent HFRS epidemic.

【Abstract】 Objective To know about the mosquito density in Beijing city and Olympic venues by questionnaire. Methods Seven districts and seven Olympic venues were chosen to implement questionnaire survey by stratified random sampling. Results According to survey in the indoor environment, 92.31% of the respondents thought there were only a few mosquitoes in Beijing city, and 96.02% of the respondents thought there were few mosquitoes in Olympic venues. For the outdoor environment, there were 77.81% of the respondents who considered few mosquitoes in Beijing and 97.26% of the respondents considered that few mosquitoes was in the Olympic venues. About 69.85% of the respondents thought there were fewer mosquitoes in 2008 than in 2007 in Beijing. There were 80.60% of the respondents considered Olympic venues were good. Conclusion The mosquito density in both the indoor and outdoor environment in Olympic venues was lower than that in Beijing city, and the mosquito density in 2008 was lower than that in 2007.

【Abstract】 Objective To summarize the successful experience and disadvantage for Beijing Olympic Game by analyzing the integrated vector management (IVM) strategy in green homeland media village.  Methods The integrated management measure was used in this study in which the principles like “devoting main efforts into source reduction, putting chemical control first and combining physical control with environment management”. Results Random investigation showed that above 80% people selected no vectors or seldom vectors. The density of mosquito and fly declined quickly, and the average densities of them were 18.5/lamp·2 h and 29.4/cage·d, which was little higher than that in the other nuclear areas. Rodent and cockroach density was 0. Conclusion It is essential to define organization, carry out the responsibilities and eliminate the breeding site inside and outside of green homeland media village.

       【Abstract】 Objective To predict the risk indicators of the harm caused by vectors and the occurrence of related diseases during the Olympic Games by risk recognition and assessment methods. To take response measure timely and reduce effectively the harm caused by vectors in order to prevent the occurrence and prevalence of vector?borne diseases. Methods To grade the risk by analyzing the occurrence probability and consequence of risk event comprehensively. Firstly, educe the list and confirm the classification of the risk by literature consultation, empirical analysis, brain storm and expert advice. Secondly, judge the risk level by risk assessment index matrix method and provide the standard to the risk classification. Results The vector?borne diseases and nuisance caused by vectors could be potential during the Olympic Games. For the probability of the public health event caused by vectors, it certainly happens for the biting and infestation of vectors, and probably occurs for environment disruption. It is rare for the occurrence of cables bitten by rodent and power apparatus disruption. The levels of the public health event damaged by vector are as follows: it is moderate harm for the cable bitten and electronic facility disruption, and it is slight harm for the vector biting and infestation or environment disruption. Conclusion The goal that there is no serious harmful events caused by vectors during Beijing Olympic Games would be certainly realized by scientific recognition and assessment of the risk, comprehensive surveillance of vectors, integrated control, scientific using of pesticide, the organization of emergency response team and the generalization of advanced technology.

【Abstract】 Objective To survey reservoir hosts of desert-type kala-azar in Tarim Basin. Methods Collect animal samples in winter, and screen the samples which antibody were positive by ELISA. Leishmania was isolated by Lagurus lagurus inoculation and tissue culture. The specific gene sequences of Leishmania infantum isolated from kala?azar patients, Yarkend hare and Phlebotomus wui were amplified by molecular biological technology. Results There was Leishmania antibodies in Yarkend hare and Canis familiaris, and 3 strains of Leishmania were isolated from 44 of Yarkend hare which antibodies were positive. The NAGT gene sequences amplified from hares (3 strains), patients (1 strain) and vectors (6 strains) were same, according with the sequence of  L.infantum (AF205934)  from GenBank.  Conclusion It suggests that yarkend hare is one of the primal host of desert-type kala-azar in Tarim Basin.

【Abstract】 Objective To know about the density and seasonal fluctuation of main vectors at National Stadium by the surveillance, develop and implement the special strategy and control, in order to avoid the harmfulness caused by vectors during the opening and closing ceremony of Olympic Games. Methods Night trapping method was used for the surveillance of rats, CO₂ trapping lamp method for the adult mosquitoes, lava-spoon method and check-container method for larva, baited cage trapping method for the flies and paste catching method for cockroaches. The integrated method was used for the vector prevention and control such as rats, mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches. The control effect was evaluated by density surveillance and questionnaire. Results There were 84 spoons sampled from large-scale water, and the positive spoon was 0. A total of 46 containers were checked at the stadium, and no positive container was found. There was no response on the infestation of vectors at the opening and closing ceremony of the Olympic Games by questionnaires to 220 people, and nobody was bitten or annoyed by vectors. Conclusion The strategy and method of vector control especially at the opening and closing ceremony of Olympic Games were successful and effective, which not only provided the safeguard for the opening and closing ceremony but also realized the aim without vector harm.

【Abstract】 Objective To know about the population distribution and seasonal fluctuation of main vectors by the successive monitoring from 2006 to 2008 in Beijing Olympic venues, and to provide the scientific basis for vector control. Methods The CO₂ trapping lamp method was used for the surveillance of mosquitoes, baited cage trapping method for the flies, night trapping method for rats and paste catching method for cockroaches. Results Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species of mosquito, accounting for 96.94% of the caught mosquitoes in Beijing Olympic venues. The dominant species of fly was Sarcophaginae, accounting for 46.13 % of the caught flies. Mus musculus Linnaeus was the dominant species of rats, accounting for 63.30 % of the caught rats. Blattella germanica was the dominant species of cockroaches, and all the captured cockroaches were German cockroaches. Compared with 2006 and 2007, the density of main vectors decreased significantly in 2008. During the period of the Olympic Games, the density of main vectors had been in the low level. The density of mosquito declined 88.57% and 89.26%, 69.88% and 81.63% for the fly density, 100% for the rat density and 99.98% for the cockroach density. Conclusion The density of main vectors decreased significantly during the period of Beijing Olympic Games. No serious harmful events caused by vectors occurred in Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. The goal about vector control had been realized completely.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the influence of main meteorological parameters on the mosquito density. Methods With the data of mosquito density from 2005 to 2007 provided by Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the meteorological data such as average temperature, average minimum temperature, average maximum temperature, rainfall, rainy days, sunshine time, relative humidity and average wind speed, a multiple stepwise regression would be made with statistical software SAS 9.0. Results The multiple regression co-linearity results showed there was strong linear relationship among average temperature，average minimum temperature and average minimum temperature. The multiple stepwise regression equation was y＝0.533 97X2＋0.078 14X7－2.673 29X8－2.232 56 （X2,  X7 and X8  represented average minimum temperature, relative humidity and average wind speed, respectively）. Conclusion The main meteorological parameters closely related to mosquito density were average minimum temperature, relative humidity and average wind speed. The order which affected mosquito density was in turn average minimum temperature, average wind speed and relative humidity